Literature+Circles+Chapter+2

Literature Circles Chapter 2

Anastasia Clayton
 * __Discussion Questions Chapter 2 Section 5:__**


 * 1. How did the Black Death come about in Europe and what were some negative effects from it?**
 * A:** Nobody is exactly sure how the plague came about, but many historians believe that it was carried by rats. Negative effects that were caused by the Black Death were that it killed about half the population during the 14th century, it interfered with __#|marriage__ and family life, and it obstructed trade and exchange. Peoples' families were being killed off by the plague, and the more people that died, the more businesses and farms were left abandoned. Sometimes survivors benefited from the plague, because the scarcity of labor meant higher wages, but when the owners would die, they were left jobless. Basically, nobody could __#|win__ from the situation and made people scared for their own futures.


 * 2. What happened during the Great Schism and how did it make Christians feel?**
 * A.** After the Babylonian Captivity ordeal, __College __of]]__ Cardinals tried to correct the situation. The __#|College of__ Cardinals were internally separated into two sides, the pro-French and the anti-French. The two sides each elected their own pope, so now their were two popes. Neither would resign, so one lived in Rome and the other lived in __#|Avignon__. The French and their supporters supported the __#|Avignon__ pope, and England and Germany, supported the Roman pope. The pious Christians were confused. They were confused because there really should only be one pope, the pope that holds the keys of Peter, so they didn't know which church would give them true salvation. Christians were religiously insecure.


 * 3. How did some people respond to the crisis going on within the church?**
 * A.** Everyone was unsure about how the world was going to turn out and were panicking. Some people sought refuge in a hectic merriment and self indulgence, other people got involved with grisly subjects. Many people would preform the Dance of Death in cemeteries to please the Devil. Members of a group called the Order of Flagellants would take each other down the streets and beat each other with chains and whips. People were just so paranoid, and this was around the time when people became really obsessed with the fear of witches and witchcraft. Everyone and everything was out of control.


 * 4. The first meeting of the Conciliar Movement, what were their 3 aims and what did they do to accomplish them?**
 * A.** The three aims were to end the threefold Schism, to destroy heresy, and to reform the church from top to bottom. Not much was accomplished in reforming the church but to discourage heresy, John Huss was interrogated, condemned, and burned at the stake. By doing that, the schism had ended. At last, they convinced all 3 popes to resign and a new pope, Martin V, was elected. So, 2 of the 3 goals were met. The reforming of the church did not happen, even after the __#|election__ of Martin V. The church was corrupt by __#|money__ and nobody could really fix it.

Anastasia Clayton
 * __Discussion Questions Chapter 2 Section 6:__**


 * 1. How do you describe Renaissance individualism?**
 * A.** Renaissance individualism is the believing that men could achieve and attain many good things. Men had more power of their own futures than what they used to believe. It was a man being successful in everything he does. Many adult aggressive males were found with this quality, because these aggressive men would go out and get what they wanted. These men wanted to be the best at what ever they were doing.


 * 2. What was the difference between writing in the Middle Ages to the writing in Renaissance Italy?**
 * A.** The difference between the writing in the Middle Ages and the writing in Renaissance Italy was that the writing in the Middle Ages was more factual. The writing in the Middle Ages were mostly theology, philosophy, and law, not used to entertain, but used to give out information. Hymns were made and sang at universities as well as plays in cathedrals. This was different than what literature would add in the Renaissance in Italy. These writers would write for each other and for the larger public, and used their writing to answer general questions, or to examine their own states of mind, or to resolve others. Many writers wrote to please and entertain their readers.


 * 3. How did Castiglione's book put an influence on the manners and lives of men?**
 * A.** Castiglione wrote a book of etiquette called //Book of the Courtier// (1598). The book explained how to be a gentleman and how to use proper etiquette. The requirements of being a courtier were being of good birth, getting proper education, mixing into the company of his equals, dress neatly, and approaching people in a good way. He must converse with facility, be good at sports, appreciate music, know how to dance, know Greek and Latin, and so on. This book showed how men manners and how to be a real gentlemen. His book ended up being translated into many different languages and 100 editions were printed before 1600.

__**Discussion Questions Chapter 2 Section 7:**__ Anastasia Clayton


 * 1. What did Germany contribute to European life?**
 * A.** Germany was considered the center of European life. Politically, Germany was an ill-defined and ill-organized region, made up of many different parts. Economically, Germany was productive compared to the rest of western Europe. Their towns busily traded and German banking families controlled more capital than any others in Europe. Intellectually, Germany produced many people that contributed to the scientific and mathematics world.


 * 2. What was mysticism and what was significant about it?**
 * A.** Mysticism was the belief, or experience, that the individual soul could in perfect solitude commune directly with God. The mystics didn't need of a reason, words, or the joining with other people by the priests, or the church. What was significant about mysticism was that they didn't rebel against the church in any way, they respected their pattern of salvation, and if anyone wanted to follow, they were welcome to.


 * 3. What was Eramus of Rotterdam and what did he do?**
 * A.** Eramus of Rotterdam was the most notable figure of the entire humanist movement. He chose to write in a purified and intricate Latin style. He put his faith in education, enlightened discussion, and moral gradual moral improvement. He supported no violence and fanaticism. He wrote Greek and Latin versions of the New Testament so that people could take the bible and understand it, in the hope that it would redirect them from their evil ways.Tolerance, restraint, good manners, scholarly understanding, a love of peace, a critical and reforming zeal, and a reasonable tone were some of his virtues. Eramus only attacked the abuses in the church, the ignorance of sloth of clergy, and the moral or financial corruption of their lives. The Kings and Pope loved him, because he never called the Roman Catholic's church essence and principle, into question.

__**Discussion Questions Chapter 2 Section** 8:__ Anastasia Clayton


 * 1. What were the new monarchies and how did it affect Europe?**
 * A.** The new monarchies were rulers that tried tom impose a kind of civil peace. They offered an institution of monarchy as a guarantee of law and order. The new monarchies got support especially from the middle class who were fed up with the private wars and the bad habits of their feudal nobles. The middle class gave them their support because the new monarchies believed that the hereditary monarchy was the official form of public power, without any resistance. The king could control the nobles by collecting taxes to build an army. The new monarchies made use of Roman Law, which stated the king could make law by his own authority. It affected Europe, because many kings started to do this. The King would have a lot more power and control then he had before.


 * 2. How was the Kingdom of Spain formed?**
 * A.** There was no official Kingdom of Spain at first, because it was separated into two kingdoms; Aragon and Castile. In 1469, the two kingdoms were joined together under the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella.


 * 3. What did the Spanish call Moors and Jews who were pretending to be Christians? Why weren't they accepted in Spain? And how did they deal with them?**
 * A.** The Spanish called Moors who were faking to be __#|Christian__ Moriscos and called Jews Marranos. Spain kicked out everyone who was not Christian out of their country. The Inquisition, an institution whose officials had equal authority and equal access to all the kingdom, was a church court. Pretenders of Christianity were brought before the Inquisition, and they would torture them until they confessed.

__**Discussion Questions Chapter 2 Section 9:**__ Anastasia Clayton


 * 1. What were the 3 streams that contributed to the religious upheaval in the sixteenth century Europe?**
 * A.** The first stream that contributed to the religious upheaval was that the common people were no happy with the grand apparatus of the church, the belief that it's bishops and abbots were part of a wealthy and oppressive ruling class. For these people, religious ideas were mixed with protest against the whole social order. The second stream was the formation of groups, generally more educated and with broader views of the world, were the middle classes, of various European cities, especially of cities that were almost autonomous little republics, like Germany, Switzerland, and the Netherlands. The last stream was there were ruling sovereigns and princes, who had long disputed with the church on matter of property, taxes, legal jurisdiction, and political influence.


 * 2. Who is Martin Luther and what is Lutheranism?**
 * A.** Martin Luther was the first person to successfully defy the older church authorities. He developed Lutheranism which is a form of Protestant. He believed that what justified a person was not what the church knew, but faith alone. Lutheranism was anti-romanism. He believed that individuals should read from the bible and make their own interpretations of it according to the consciousnesses. He also believed that you could not earn the grace of God by doing good, but doing good was the result of being in possession of God's grace. He believed that the priesthood was not necessary in the spiritual relation between God and humans.


 * 3. How was Calvinism different from Lutheranism?**
 * A.** There were two main differences between Calvinism and Lutheranism. One was that Calvin made far more of an idea of predestination. He believed that God already knew all things in advance and that he has always known, from the start, if you were saved or if you were damned and going to hell, He already knew how everyone's lives were going to turn out. The other difference was that Calvin had a different attitude towards society and state than Luther. Calvinists refused to recognize the subordination of the church to state, or the right of any government- king, parliament, or civic magistracy- to lay down laws for religion.

__**Discussion Questions Chapter 2 Section** 10:__ Anastasia Clayton


 * 1. What was the Council of Trent called for?**
 * A.** The Council of Trent was called to redefine Catholicism and to reform the abuses in the church.


 * 2. Who was the new Pope that stressed reform and how did he do that?**
 * A.** The pope that stressed reform was Pope Paul III and he tried to reform by promoting missionary work and creating new religious orders.


 * 3. Why were the Roman and Spanish Inquisitions feared?**
 * A.** They were most dreaded, because they used torture to discourage and eliminate heresy. Heresy was considered a huge crime, in which huge crimes resulted in torture.

__**Important People Chapter 2 Section 5:**__ Rachel Hollinger

__**Joan of Arc**__- a young woman who led France to achieve some military victories during the Hundred Years' war. The church later convicted her of heresy and witchcraft, and in 1431 she was burned at the stake by the English in __#|Rouen__.

__**Pope Boniface VIII**__- In 1290 both Edward I of England and Philip the Fair of France who assessed taxes on the land that belonged to the Church. Pope Boniface VIII prohibited taxation on the church, and in 1302, he issued the Unam Sanctam, which declared that there was no salvation outside of the Roman church and that "every human creature was subject to the Roman Pontiff." The french king then sent soldiers to arrest Boniface, who soon died. This then led to French influence in the __#|College of__ Cardinals, that would later lead to the Great Schism.

__**William Langland**__- dissatisfied with the church, Langland wrote Piers Plowman which contrasted the suffering of the honest poor with the hypocrisy and corruption in high places. These ideas spread and those who held them were known as Lollards. Many others shared these ideas and were branded as heresy, but actually lead to a Europe-wide council of the church, in which reforms could be pressed by a body of Christians onto the rival popes.

__**Vocabulary Chapter 2 Sec 5**__ Danetta __#|Gift__

__**Black Death**__- also known as the plague, first struck Europe in 1348. the true medical cause is unknown. believe that is was a disease carried by rats that quickly spread and killed off almost 25 million people from 1300 to 1400s.

Wat Tyler's rebellion- a large scale uprising in England in 1381. Rebellions of works broke out against the upper class who were trying to control wages through the corrupt government.

The Hundred years war- A war between England and France started in 1337. All battles took place on France soil. Fought over long disputed territories in France that supposedly belonged to England. England was winning most of the battles until french forces were re-inspired by the leader Joan of Arc. she was captured and burned at the stake in 1431 and England crushed the french army.

The war of the Roses- From 1450 to 1485 England was split by upper-class turmoil. Dukes and earls of the country divided themselves and formed armies to fight against each other. Both sides also used Parliament for their own purposes. Received its name because the opposing nobles adopted red and white roses as their symbols.

Unam Sanctum- In 1302 was declared by pope Boniface VIII, that outside of the Roman church there was no salvation, and that "every human creature" was "subject to the Roman pontiff".

annates- a tax in which every bishop or abbot in Christendom had to transmit to rome most of the first years income of his office.

lollards- people claiming that organized church might not be necessary for salvation. branded as hearsay and outcasted by the church

hussites-similar ideas appeared in central europe following John Huss. they were both a religious and national movement


 * Visual Representations of Chapter-2 Section-5**
 * Michael Childs**

The Black Plague
The picture above displays The Black Plague, a disease that rapidly spread all across Europe, wiping out half of the population.

The Hundred Years War
The Hundred Years War (Above), began in 1337 and ended in 1453. The battle was between England and France and all the wars occured in France.

=**The Renaissance**= This picture displays the Renaissance at its finest. This was an era of new inventions and far more discoveries in science and medicine. Also new land and travel ways were discovered. =Joan of Arc= Joan of Arc, was a 19 year old woman who helped the french win the Hundred Years War due to her, extreme courage and leadership skills. She was later burned at a stake by England for heresey and witchery.
 * Visual Representations** **of Chapter-2 Section-6**
 * Michael Childs**

**Michael Childs**
=Gerard Groote= Gerard Groote or better known as Gerrit, was the creator and founder of the Brother and Sisters of the Common Life. With this he led his sermons in a casual fashion and featured the common people. =Mysticism= The picture above clearly displays what mysticism states, in that; a person cannot and will not physically speak to god and through prayer is the closest they will get.

Michael Childs
=Charles V= The above is Charles V one of the most powerful emperors in his time.

= Inquisition = The picture above shows a spanish inquisition; basically a church court.

Michael Childs
=Martin Luther= Martin Luther was a professor of theology who was a major contributor of the Protestant Reformation.

=Empire of Charles V= This picture clearly displays the reign of Charles V and control of what he had.

Michael Childs
=The Council of Trent= The above picture shows the Council of Trent which is considered to be one of the most important councils of the church during its time.

This symbol represents the Society of Jesus or more commenly referred to as the Jesuits.This society was originally found by St. Ignatius Loyola.

Tara Stolarski
 * Vocabulary: Chapter 2 Section 5 **

__The Black Death__- known as the plague, wiped out about 25 million Europeans beginning in 1348, a cause has never been pin-pointed but rats are one possible theory, hurt businesses, fields were left unattended, marriages were put on hold, and burying the dead preoccupied everyone

__ Revolts and Repression __ - due to the plague, work was hard to find, workers revolted due to low wages throughout Europe, Wat Tyler rebellion is an example of a large-scale uprising in 1381

__The Hundred Years' War__- began in 1337 and ended in 1453 (116 years) between England and France, all battles took place in France, the war was ended due to the "Wars of the Roses" when France was no longer in any condition to fight, Joan of Arc was a big part of France winning battles by rallying the French troops and eventually died for France as a martyr

__ The Great Schism __ - a pope in both Rome and Avignon existed and neither would resign, the rivalry between the two lasted for about 40 years and the papacy had taken a great deal of damage, "annates" or a tax imposed on every bishop or abbot in Christendom had to transmit to Rome within their first year was implemented by the popes

__ Lollards __ - people in England who had wanted to reform religion in church and were highly influence by John Wyclif, stated that "an organized church might not be necessary for salvation," their ideas were seen as "unacceptable deviations from the true doctrine of the church"

__ The Renaissance Popes __ - both popes were declared to be deposed of and a new one was to be elected in 1409, finally all popes were persuaded to resign and the church was finally restored under Martin V, popes of the Renaissance were considered great scholars and connoisseurs of books, these popes included Nicholas V, Pius II, Innocent VIII, Alexander VI, Julius II, and Leo X

Tara Stolarski
 * Vocabulary: Chapter 2 Section 6 **

Renaissance- french word meaning "rebirth", came from people who thought of the Middle Ages as a dark time that needed to be "awakened," it was thought that people would return to the Greco-Roman lifestyle, modern and ancient times were defined and the Middle Ages is what separated that vast amount of time in between, new era, time for new inventions and knowledge, books, art, medicine, science, and just about every other subject was improved upon

virtu - the quality of being a man, may also be possessed by women, expect to be in the aggressive, adult males, "successful demonstration of human powers," described a man who always knew what he was doing and excelled in all aspects of his life

Humanism- the literary movement in Renaissance Italy, there was rising interest in humane letters or "litterae humaniores"

courtier - a man of good birth and a product of training, graceful movements, neat clothes, athletic, good with guns, be able to dance and appreciate music, knows Latin and Greek, a symbol of good etiquette

**Tara Stolarski**
 * Vocabulary: Chapter 2 Section 7 **

Christian humanists- studied Greek and Hebrew texts of the bible to deepen understanding of Christianity and to restore its moral vitality, in the north

mysticism -the belief or experience that the individual soul could in perfect solitude commune directly with God,mystics did not rebel against the church and did not need a church, reason, words, or to even join other people

Brothers and Sisters of the Common Life- founded by Gerard Groote in 1374, attracted followers through his sermons, eventually had papal approval, did not take vows and wore ordinary clothing, they were normal people and were free to live at their own will

**Vocabulary: Chapter 2 Section 9** **Tara Stolarski**

**heretics-** a baptized member of the Roman Catholic Church who refused to acknowledge a revealed truth


 * Lutheranism- **the religious doctrines of faith developed by Martin Luther, related to the Protestant churches that adhere to Lutheran doctrines, liturgy, and polity; anti-Romanism


 * The Peace of Augsburg- **liberty to be Catholic or Lutheran was granted to states who were under control of the Emperor, the state had to decide as a whole as to which religion they would practice, it is considered a religious victory for Protestantism


 * Calvinism-** the theological system of JOhn Calvin and his followers marked by strong emphasis on the sovereignty of God, the depravity of humankind, and the doctrine of predestination; later called Puritan in England and in America


 * Predestination-** the doctrine that God in consequence of his foreknowledge of all events infallibly guides those who are destined for salvation


 * Act of Supremacy-** said that the English king was declared to be "Protector and only Supreme Head of the Church and Clergy of England"

__Online Resourcces Chapter 2 Section 5__ __Sam Petree__ i __Joan of Arc bio__ __[]__

__The Black Death__ __[]__


 * Important People- Ch.2 Sec.5**

__Jake Seagriff__

__**Wat Tyler-** led an revolt in England caused by the upper class's attempt to control wages through the government__

__**Joan of Arc-** the 19 y/o female leader of French forces in the Hundred Years' war her leadership and inspiration helped France win the war. was burned at the stake in 1431 in Rouen__

__**Boniface VIII-** a pope who outlawed the taxation of clergy by the civil ruler, he believed in church supremecy, believed all humans should answer to the Church, later he tries to sell "indulgence" permits so people could induldge and be forgiven by the church for a fee__

__**William Langland-** a cleric who wrote the book //Piers Plowman// in the 1360s and contrasted the suffering of the honest poor with the corruption in high places__

__ Rachel Hollinger __
 * Important People Chapter 2 Section 6: **


 * Cicero **__- though not alive at this time, his writings were viewed as highly relevant during that time, since they provided an ethics independent of the Christian and medieval tradition__

**Christine de Pisan** __- her writings helped spread humanist themes in France during the early fifteenth century and also demonstrated that women could participate in the debates of European intellecual life__


 * Francesco Petrarca **__- a Florentine exile, who is known as the first man of letters. He began a new form of literature in which writing could be used as consideration of moral philosophy that was still related to but no longer subordinate to religion. He raised questions of how human beings should adjust to the world, what a good life could or ought to be, or where the genuine and ultimate rewards of living were to be found.__


 * Lorenzo Valla **__- one of the founders of textual criticism. He helped establish modern methods for assessing the truth of written texts.__


 * Castiglione **__- author of the Book of Courtier, a book of etiquette, whose views of men and women shaped much of Renaissance culture__


 * Niccolo Machiavelli **__- author of The Prince, considered the most lasting work of the Italian Renaissance. His book was a handbook of statecraft which he hoped Italy might find useful.__

_

__Chapter 2 Section 6:__ __Nick Lapiana__

__This link leads to a map of the Renaissance era Italian city states.__ __[]__

__**Danetta Gift**__
 * Vocabulary Ch2 Sec 6**__**:**__

__Reunification- the act of coming together again__

__Virtu- the quality of being a man, a quality expected in the most aggressive males of the time period. a man who "knew what he was doing"__

__Humanism-the idea of attaching importance to humans rather than divine or supernatural powers__

__Litterae Humaniores- letters written by humans, the interest in them rose sharply in the renaissance__

__Scholasticism- the system of philosophy taught in medieval European universities, based on Aristotelian logic and the writings of the early Church Fathers and having a strong emphasis on tradition and dogma __

__Courtier- a person who attends a royal court as a companion or adviser to the king __

__New Monarchies- the concepts of how European rulers unified there nations creating stable governments__

_ Online Resources Chapter 2 Section 6 Sam Petree

Renaissance- []

Jacob McClarnon- Discussion Questions Ch. 2 Sec. 6 Q. What was Italy's government like during the Renaissance? The towns that were in the peninsula of Italy were all "city states". No king could of possibly taken control of the country as a whole due to the generations of popes either involved in the Great Schism, or did not attend Avignon. Cities like Florence, Venice, and Genoa all governed themselves as republics. Q. Who were the Medici Family? Giovanni Medici was a banker and merchant in Florence. His son, Cosimo de' Medici, allied himself with popularity against some of the leading families in the Republic. He became the ruler himself. His grandson Lorenzo the magnificent, also ruled with his wealth but was remembered as a poet and connisseur, and lavish benefactor of art and learning in the city. Q.How did the renaissance reform education ideas? During the medieval ages, schooling was chaotic and confusing. The new time period launched the idea of putting kids of different age groups in separate classes. Young people were also trained to be more civilized when it came to everyday social living.They taught latin so they could read ancient texts such as epics and histories from Greece.

__ Rachel Hollinger __
 * Important People Chapter 2 Section 7: **

__** Gutenberg **__ - in 1450, produced the first European books printed with movable type. This would lead to a greater number of people being able to read and gain knowledge, since with books being printed in mass quantities making them cheaper.

__** Erasmus of Rotterdam **__ -the most notable figure of the humanist movement. He was admired by church leader, as he attacked only the abuses of the church, never its essence. His philosophy is believed to be one of the main factors that would lead to the restoration of the church.

__**Vocab Chapter 2 sec 7:**__ __**Danetta Gift**__


 * The Sisters and Brothers of the Common Life:** a spirtiual regeneration lead by Gerard Groote, they lived communally, but not as monks or nuns and could leave the movement if they choose. Both the Brothers and Sisters set up schools for young men and ladies of the time. Schooling them in the university studies and in christian conduct.


 * "Pagan" Humanism:** refers to the renaissance in Italy, how the country as a whole drifted more away from a religious centered culture and had a more focus on the humanistic ideals


 * Christian Humanism:** christan humanists of the north focused more on the Greek and Hebrew texts of the bible and read other texts in there original languages to deepen their understandings of Christianity.


 * mysticism:** the belief or experience that the individual soul could not in perfect solitude commune directly with God

__** Important People Ch 2 Sec 7- **__ __** Jake Seagriff **__


 * Gutenberg-** __Revolutionized the world of literature by becoming the first to produce European books with moveable print in 1450__


 * Regiomontanus (Johann Muller)-** __laid the groundwork for a mathematical conception of the universe__


 * Nicholas of Cusa-** __a churchman whose mystical philosophy entered into the later development of mathematics and__ #|science


 * Paracelsus (Hohenheim)-** __revolutionize the world of medicine at__ #|the University of __Basel__


 * Copernicus (Niklas Kopernigk)-** __he was one of the first to suggest that the earth moved around the sun__


 * Erasmus of Rotterdam-** __the greatest of all northern humanists, he wrote in a purified style of writing and preach about tolerance,restraint, good manners, scholarly understanding, a love of peace, a critical and reforming zeal, and a reasonable tone from which shouting and bad temper were always excluded.__

__ Rachel Hollinger __
 * Important People Chapter 2 Section 8: **


 * Henry VII **__- the first Tudor king, who after gaining the throne by force, ended the civil turbulence of the Wars of the Roses. He would pass laws against "livery and maintenance," and he used his royal council as a new court to deal with property disputes and infractions of the public peace. Henry VII, though miserly and unpleasant in person, was accepted as a good ruler, and national feelings consolidated around the house of Tudor.__


 * Francis I **__- reached an agreement with Pope Leo X in the Concordat of Bologna, which rescinded the Pragmatic Sanction. This means that the Pope received his money from French ecclesiastics, but the king appointed the French bishops and abbots. With the kings of France having their own national clergy, it was reason that they were never tempted to turn Protestant.__

**Maximilian I**- __divided the Empire into administrative "circles," and created an Imperial Chamber and Council. He was the author of the Habsburg family fortunes through his strategic use of royal marriages, which brought the Habsburgs into control of a vast empire.__


 * Charles V of the Empire **__- was the most powerful ruler of his day, as he inherited the lands of Austria, the Netherlands, part of Burgundy, Castile and Aragon, the whole of Spanish America, and scattered possessions in Italy and the Mediterranean. In 1526, Charles brother Ferdinand was elected the king of both Hungary and Bohemia, in order to gain allies in the face of the Turkish threat. This would lead to the gradually expansion of Habsburg influence in central Europe.__

__Danetta__ #|Gift __**New Monarchs:** monarchies that resembled the kingdoms of the high middle ages, they laid foundations for the later national, states.__
 * Vocabulary: Chapter 2 Sec 8:**

__**Sovereign:** the title kings were addressed as before "majesty"__

__**Tudors:**the family that took over England in and brought the country into a new monarchy__

__**Desotism:** a form of government where the ruler has absolute power__

__**Annates:** the money/income the pope recieved from the churches in the holy roman empire__

__**Inquisition:** essentally a church court__

__**Universal Monarchy:** a concept and a political situation where one monarchy is deemed to have sole rule over an entire area__

_

__Chapter 2 Section 8: Graphic Organizer__ __Nick Lapiana__

__This map shows the English, Spanish, and French monarchies as well as the Holy Roman Empire.__

__** Important People Ch 2 Sec 8- **__ __** Jake Seagriff **__


 * Henry VII__-__** __ he began the dynasty of the Tudor family after gaining the throne by force and putting an end to the War of Roses, he also outlawed great lords having personal armies __

__helped France overcome the control of the church__
 * Louis XI- ** __from the Valois line, he expanded French territory, built up a royal army, and__


 * The Habsburgs- ** __this family from Austria used hereditary possessions and bribing to get themselves consistantyly elected to Holy Roman emperorship__

Charles V- __ Eaisily the most powerful emperor of his day, he inherited Austria, the Netherlands, part of Burgundy, Castile and Aragon, Spanish America, and parts of Italy and the Mediterranean, also in 1519 he was elected Holy Roman Emperor and became the symbolic head of Germany__

__ Rachel Hollinger __
 * Important People Chapter 2 Section 9: **


 * Martin Luther**__- founder of the Lutheran church. He developed the doctrine of justification by faith alone. This meant that what "justifies" a person is not what the church knew as "works" (prayers,alms, the sacraments,holy living) but "faith alone", an inward bent of spirit given to each soul directly by God. __


 * John Calvin **__ - founder of Calvinism, a frenchman as born Jean Cauvin. Calvinists held many of the same beliefs as Lutherans, except that Calvinists believed that only a selcet few would be saved, and they refused to recognize the subordination of church to state. __


 * Henry VIII **__ - the king had no male heir, and he decided that he must remarry in order to have a son. The pope, however refused to annul the marriage. Henry decided to appoint a new archbishop of Canterbury, repudiated the Roman connection, secured the annulment of his earlier marriage, and married the youthful Anne Boleyn. He then became the "Supreme Head of the Church and Clergy of England," this would lead to England accepting the entire Protestant position. __

_

__Chapter 2 Section 9: Graphic Organizer__ __Nick Lapiana__

__The map shows the religious situation in Europe about 1560. Note that the map only shows the general area of each religion, there were people of different religions spread all across europe. Such as Lutherans in Roman Catholic zones or Calvinists in Lutheran zone.__

__Vocabulary chapter 2 sec 9__ __Danetta Gift__

__popery- the doctrines, practices, and ceremonies of the roman church__

__heritics-n a believer that maintains religious opinions contrary to those excepted by the church__

__sacraments- a visibale sign of inward grace__

__anti-romanisim- what some called lutheranism__

__Anabaptists- a member of any of various Protestant sects, formed in Europe after 1520, that denied the validity of infant baptism, baptized believers only, and advocated social and economicreforms as well as the complete separation of church andstate.__

__Jacob McClarnon sec. 7 ch. 2 questions__

__1. what was mysticism?__ __The basic idea of mysticism was that an individuals soul could be in perfect solitude commune directly with god himself. A mystics had really no value of reason, words, or joining others in group worship. They didn't put themselves anywhere near the church and disregarded priests. They did not rebel against the church, but accepted their way of salvation. they just offered more of a deeper meaning of god than the church.__ __2. Who was Erasmus of Rotterdam?__ __The most notable hero of the Humanilist movement. Erasmus was a classical scholar who wrote in a pure Latin style. He was an early proponent of religious toleration, and enjoyed the sobriquet "Prince of the Humanists"; he has been called "the crowning glory of the Christian humanists."__

__Jacob McClarnon sec. 8 ch. 2 Questions__

__1. What were the new monarchy's like?__ __In England, Henry the VII took the thrown by force and put civil turbulence down. He was against lords of any level having their own private army. He set up his council to be a court system for the whole land.In France, Louis XI of the Valois line. He continued to stretch French border and built a bigger army.__ __2. what was the Spanish Inquisition?__ __ The Inquisition was originally intended in large part to ensure the orthodoxy of those who converted from Judaism and Islam. This regulation of the faith of the newly converted was intensified after the royal decrees issued in 1492 and 1501 ordering Jews and Muslims to convert or leave. __

__ Sam Petree sec. 7online resource __ __ Erasmus of Rotterdam __ __[]__

__ Sam Petree sec. 8 online resource __

__ Morranos- __ __[]__

__The Spanish Inquisition-__ __[]__

__ Sam Petree sec. 9 online resource __ __ Calvanism vs. Lutheranism- __ __[]__


 * Important People Ch 2 Sec 9- **
 * Jake Seagriff **


 * Martin Luther- ** __ a former monk, Luther became dissatisfied with the Catholic church and broke away. Many followed his "Lutherism" and eventually Germany rebelled against the Roman Empire __


 * John Calvin- ** __ A Frenchmen who like Luther was a religious revolutionary. He believed there were few people who God chose to be accepted into heaven, they were call the elect. the people who followed Calvin's teachings were later called Puritans. __


 * Henry VIII- ** __ When this King of England had no male heir he wanted to remarry. He asked permission from Pope Clement VII to divorce his wife, when the Clement VII refused to allow the divorce the King he decided to start and become head of the English Catholic Church which would later become the Church of England __

__Jacob McClarnon sec. 9 ch. 2__ __Q. How did martin luther contribute to the modern way of thinking?__ __He was one of the first to think outside of what the church taught him. He questioned church authority and what was going on within it. He influenced the way people thought in the renissance: secular and humanistic.__ __Q.What was Calvinism?__ __It is a type of protestant theological system and alternate approach for christian life. John Calvin started the movement and it spread throughout many parts of europe.__

__** Important People Chapter 2 Section 10: **__ Rachel Hollinger

St. Jerome- his translation of the bible into latin, The Vulgate, was declared to be the only version on which authoritative teachings could be based.

St. Vincent de Paul- one of the man missionaries who helped the poor among the human wreckage of Paris.

St. Ignatius Loyola- once a soldier, Loyola, like Luther and Calvin, had a religious "experience" or "conversion" which occurred in 1521. He established the Society of Jesus, or the Jesuits. They were more directed toward active participation in the affairs of the world.

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__Chapter 2 Section 10: Graphic Organizer__ __Nick Lapiana__

__[]__ __Describes the Council of Trent.__


 * Important People Ch 2 Sec 10- **
 * Jake Seagriff **


 * St. Ignatius **** Loyola- ** __ a soldier in his youth, Loyola became a militant crusader for the Pope and the Holy See he created the Jesuits who were made up of men with strength of character and intellectual force __


 * St. Vincent de Paul- ** __ He was a Catholic who helped the poor in Paris, something the Protestant Church could not do. __

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 * St. **** Jerome- ** __ he translated the Bible into Latin which led to Monasticism being upheld, reaffirming the existence of purgatory, and reinstated the proper practice of indulgences. __

Vocabulary Ch2 Sec 10 Danetta Gift

Counter reformation- the catholic corresponding to the rise of Protestantism

Conciliar movement- the want for change in the catholic church, showed no signs of revial after 1500s

The Council of Trent- a council of bishops important in the catholic church that met to try and change the working of the church to re-attract catholic followers to the faith.

Jesuits- a new religous movment in 1521, they were more directed twords active participation in the affairs of the world. rans schools for the elite boys of the time.

Index of Prohibited Books- books and works that people of the catholic church were not allowed to read. only special credentials could allow you to read them

Sam Petree Online Resource Section 10

The Council of Trent- []

Punishment during Inquisitions- []

Vocabulary Ch2 Sec 11 Danetta Gift

atrocities- an extremely cruel act

spice islands- the islands east of china that had all that spices the europeans wanted

conquistadores- a 16th century spanish explorer that mostly conquered that mexican and south american colonies

circumnavigated- to travel fully around the globe

White Sea- a sea to the north western end of russia

encomienda- the thought that the natives were required to work for an owner, spaniard, for a certain number of days a week while still retaining parcels of land on which to work for themselves.